BEBERAPA FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP CREATIVE TASK PERFORMANCE PADA ADVOKAT
Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji model teoritik yang menggambarkan mengenai pengaruh aging dan iklim organisasi terhadap creative task performance dengan adaptability dan openness to experience sebagai mediator fit dengan data empirik. Responden pada penelitian ini adalah para advokat PERADI yang berjumlah 250 orang, yang memiliki kartu izin advokat PERADI, dan masa kerja sebagai advokat minimal satu tahun Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala yang dikonstruksi dengan model skala Likert. Teknik analisa data untuk menguji model hipotetik dalam penelitian ini menggunakan SEM melalui software LISREL versi 8,72 dari Joreskog dan Sorbom (2008). Hasil uji model menunjukkan bahwa model hipotetik memiliki indeks fit: RMSEA = 0.043, NFI = 0.90, NNFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.96. Artinya hipotesis disertasi dapat diterima sebagai model yang sesuai (fit) dengan data lapangan. Kata kunci: creative task performance, aging, openness to experience, adaptability, iklim organisasi, advokat.References
Alex Nitisemito. (2000). Manajemen personalia: Manajemen sumber daya
manusia. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.
Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect
and creativity at work. Journal of Administrative Science Quarterly,
, 367-403.
Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996).
Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management
Journal, 1154-1184.
Anastasi, A. (1997). Teaching smart people how to learn. Harvard Business
Review, 69. Baer, J. (1999). Domains of creativity. Dalam M.A. Runco & S.
R. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity, (pp. 591-96). San Diego,
Calif.; London: Academic Press.
Borlongan. (2008). Goal orientation-creativity relationship: openness to
experience as a moderator. Tesis master, tidak diterbitkan. San Jose State
University, California.
Bass, B.M. (1990). Handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
Bengtson, V.L., Putney, N.M. & Johnson, M. L. (2005). The problem of theory in
gerontology today. Dalam M. L. Johnson (Ed). The cambridge handbook
of age and ageing (pp 3-20). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bereiter, C. (2002). Education and mind in the knowledge age. Hillsdale NJ:
Erlbaum. Bergeman, et al. (1993). Genetic and environmental effects on
openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Journal of
Personality, 6.
Best, D. (1982). Can creativity be taught? British Journal of Educational Studies,
-294.
Birren, J. E. & Cunningham, W. R. (1985). Research on the psychology of
aging: principles, concepts and theory. Dalam Birren, J. E., & Schaie, K. W
(Eds), Handbook of aging and psychology (pp. 3- 34). New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhol.
Buchanan, L. B. (1998). The impact of big five personality characteristics on
group cohession and creative task performance. Disertasi doktoral, tidak
diterbitkan. Virginia Pollytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
Virginia.
Bunch, K. (2009). Adaptability: A crucial organizational and interpersonal skill.
Management Concepts, 1, 1-13.
Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural equation modelling with lisrel, prelis, and
simplis: basic concepts, application, and programming. New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Campbell, J. (1986). Creativity. Dalam K. Barnaby, & P. D'Acierno (Eds), C. G.
Jung and the humanities, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
Caspi, A. & Bem, D. J. (1990). Personality continuity and change across the life
course. Dalam L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and
research (pp. 549-575). New York: Guilford.
Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2006). Creativity versus consentiousness: Which is a
better predictor of academic performance? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20,
-531.
Chan, D. (2000). Understanding adaptation to changes in the work environment:
Integrating individual difference and learning perspectives. Research in
Personnel and Human Resource Management, 18, 1-42.
Chan, S. N. T., (2007). The relationship between creative performance and
personality, context, and culture in the Hong Kong police force. Naskah tidak
diterbitkan. Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Clore, G.L., Schwarz, N, & Conway, M. (1994). Cognitive causes and
consequences of emotion. Dalam R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook
of social cognition (pp. 323–417). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory
and NEO five factor inventory: Professional manual. Odessa: Psychological
Assessment Resources.
Costa Jr, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (2008). Revised NEO Personality Inventory
(NEOPI-R). The Sage handbook of personality theory and assessment:
Personality measurement and testing, 179.
Cropley, A. (1995). Creative performance in older adults. Naskah tidak
diterbitkan. Department of Psychology University of Hamburg: Hamburg.
Csikszentmihalyi. (1996). Creativity: flow and the psychology discovery and
invention. New York: Collins.
Cummings, A. & Oldham, G. (1997). Enhancing creativity: Managing work
contexts for the high potential employee. Journal of California Management
Review, 40, 22–39.
Davis, U. C. (1998). Performance measurement: Staff work load issues on task
force. Report 1&2 American Monthly Report on Management, 40, 18-20.
Davis, K. & Newstrom, J. W. (1997). Human behavior at work: Organization
behavior 8th edition. Singapore: Mc. Graw Hill.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model.
Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
Dixon, N. F. (1980). A cognitive alternative to stress. Washington DC:
Hemisphere.
Dudek, S. Z., Strobel, M. G., & Runco, M. A. (1993). Cumulative and proximal
influences on thc social environment and children's creative potential. The
Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154, 487-499.
Ekvall, G. (1999). The creative climate: Its determinants and effects at a Swedish
university. Creativity Research Journal, 12(4), 303-310.
Elnath Aldi. (2005). Menjadikan manajemen pengetahuan sebagai keunggulan
kompetitif perusahaan melalui strategi berbasis pengetahuan. Jurnal Studi
Manajemen & Organisasi, 2.
Ericsson, K. A. (2006). The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert
performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Erp, V. E. A. M. (2009). Aging and its effect on creative performance at
work. Tesis master, tidak diterbitkan. Maastricht University, Netherlands.
Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic
creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290.
Feist, G.J. (1999). Influence of personality on artistic and scientific creativity.
Dalam R. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Feldheusen, J. & Goh, B. (1995). Assessing and accessing creativity: An
integrative review of theory, research, and development. Creativity Research
Journal, 8, 231-247.
Ford, C. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative action in multiple social
domains. Academy of Management Review, 21: 1112–1142.
Foster, J. C. & Taylor, G. A. (1920). The applicability of mental tests to persons
over 50. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 39- 58.
Fozard, J. L. & Thomas Jr, J. C. (1975). Psychology of aging: Modern
perspectives in the psychiatry of old age. New York: Bruner Mazel.
Frese, M. (2000). The changing nature of work. Dalam N. Chmiel (Ed.),
Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology. Oxford, UK:
Blackwell.
Gellman, A. (2004). Reverse aging: New release for immadiate attention. The
Wall Street Journal.
George, J. M. & Zhou, J. (2001). When openness to experience and
conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: An interactional approach.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 513-524.
Gough, H. G. (1979). A creative personality scale for the adjective check list.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1398.
Grigorenko, E. L. & Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Analytical, creative, and
practical intelligence as predictors of self-reported adaptive functioning: A
case study in Russia. Intelligence, 29, 57-53.
Hadari Nawawi (2007). Metode penelitian kualitatif (diktat kuliah). Jakarta :
Universitas Persada Indonesia Y.A.I.
Hair, Anderson, Thatam, & Black. (1995). Mutivariate data analysis with
reading.
Hamarta, E., Deniz, M. E., & Saltali, N. (2009). Attachment style as a predictor of
emotional intelligence. Educational Sciences Theory and Practice, 9,
-229.
Herbig, P. & Jacobs, L. (1996). Creative problem-solving styles in the USA and
Japan. International Marketing Review, 13(2), 63-71.
Hogan, R, et al. (1994). What we know about leadership: Effectivenes and
personality. Journal of American Psychology, 49, 493-504.
Holland, J.L. (1997). Making vocational choices: a theory of vocational
personalities and work environment. Psychological Assesment Resources.
Horn, J. & Masunaga, H. (2006). A merging theory of expertise and
intelligence. The Cambridge Handbook of expertise and expert performance,
–611.
Howard, P.J. & Howard, J. M. (1995). The big five quickstart: An introduction to
the five- factor model of personality for human resource professionals.
Charlotte, NC: Centre for Applied Cognitive Studies.
Jaussi, K. S. & Dionne, S. D. (2003). Unconventional leader behavior,
subordinate satisfaction, effort and perception of leader effectiveness.
Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies.
Jewell. L. N. & Siegall. M. (1990). Contemporary industrial and organizational
psychology (second edition). USA: West Publishing Company.
Jung, D. I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects
on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 185–195.
Kaufman, A. A. (2001). WAIS-III IQS, Horn’s theory, and generational
changes from young adulthood to old age. Intelligence, 29, 131-167.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research. Japan: CBS College
Publishing.
Kerlinger, F. N (2004). Asas - asas penelitian behavioral. Yogyakarta :
Gadjah Mada University Press.
Kirton, M. J. (2006). Adaption - Innovation: In the context of diversity and
change. New York: Routledge.
Klein, H. & Lee, S. (2006). The effects of personality on learning: The mediating
role of goal setting. Human Performance, 19(1), 43-66.
Larsen, L., Adams, J., Deal, B., Kweon, B. S. & Tyler, E. (1998). Plants in
the workplace: The effects of plant density on productivity, attitudes, and
perceptions. Environment and Behavior, 30, 261–281.
Lena Ellitan. (2002). Praktik-praktik pengelolaan sumber daya manusia dan
keunggulan kompetitif berkelanjutan. Jurnal Manajemen & Kewirausahaan,
, 65 – 76.
Lumsdaine, E. & Lumsdaine, M. (1995). Creative problem solving. New York:
Mc.Graw Hill.
Martin, L. L. & Stoner, P. (1994). Mood as input to the creativity process. Naskah
tidak diterbitkan. University of Georgia, Athens.
Mathis, R.L. & Jackson, J.H. (1988). Personnel/ human resource
management (fifth edition). St. Paul: West Publishing Company.
McCrae, R. R. (1994). Openness to experience: Expanding the boundaries of
factor V. European Journal of Personality, 8, 251-272.
McCrae, R. R., & Sutin, A. R. (2009). Openness to experience. Dalam M. R.
Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social
behavior (pp. 257-273). New York: Guilford.
Montgomery, D., Bull, K., & Baloche, L. (1992). College level creativity course
content. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 26, 228-234.
Mostafa, M. (2005). Factors affecting organizational creativity and innovativeness
in Egyptian business organisations: an empirical investigation. Journal of
Management Development, 24 (1), 7-33.
Nasution, Adnan Buyung. (2008). Undang-undang advokat tonggak sejarah
perjuangan profesi advokat. Jurnal Varia Advokat, 3, 28-33.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How
Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and
contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 607–634.
Pace, V. L. (2005). Creative performance on the job: Does openness to
experience matter. Tesis master, tidak diterbitkan. University of South
Florida: Florida.
Peterson, J. B. & Carson, S. (2000). Latent inhibition and openness to experience
in a high-achieving student population. Journal of Personality and Individual
Differences, 28, 323-332
Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. (2000). Adaptability
in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 62-624.
Robbins, S. P. (2006). Perilaku organisasi. Jakarta: Indeks.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist's view of
psychotherapy. Boston; Houghton Mifflin.
Romero, E.J., & Cruthirds, K.W. (2006). The use of humor in the
workplace. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20, 58-69.
Ross, K. G., & Lussier, J. W. (2000). Adaptive thinking seminar. (Tersedia
dalam the Armored Forces Research Unit, U.S. Army Research Institute,
Building 2423, 121 Morande St., Fort Knox, KY 40121– 4141).
Runco, M. A. (1999). Longitudinal studies of creativity: Special issue of the
creativity research journal. Creativity Research Journal, 12.
Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657-687.
Runco, M. A., & Albert, R. S. (1990). Theories of creativity. California: Sage
Publications.
Saade, R. F., Kira, D., Nebebe, F., & Otrakji, C. (2006). Openness to
experience: An HCI experiment. Journal of Issues in Informing Science and
Information Technology, 2, 542-550.
Schiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L.L (2004). Perilaku konsumen. Jakarta: Indeks.
Schmutte, P. S., & Ryff, C. D. (1997). Personality and well-being: Reexamining
methodsand meanings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73,
–559.
Schroots, J. F., & Birren, J. E. (1988). The nature of time: implications for
research on aging. Journal of Contemporary Gerontology, 2, 1-29.
Scratchley, L. S., & Hakstian, A. R. (2001). The measurement and prediction of
managerial creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 13(3), 367-384.
Settersen, R. A., & Mayer, K. U. (1997). The measurement of age, age
structuring, and the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 233-261.
Setyo Hari Wijanto. (2008). Structural equation modeling dengan LISREL 8.8.
Jakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Shalley, C. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2000). Matching creativity
requirements and the work environment: Effects on satisfaction and
intentions to leave. Academy of Management Journal, 215-223.
Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and
contextual characteristics on creativity: where should we go from here?
Journal of Management, 30, 933-958.
Shamir, B. (1995) Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an
exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 19-48.
Shibata, S., & Suzuki, N. (2004). Effects of an indoor plant on creative task
performance and mood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 373–
Shibata, S. & Suzuki, N. (2002). Effects of the foliage plant on task performance
and mood. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 265–272.
Simamora, David. (2006). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Yogyakarta:
YKPN.
Simonton, D. K. (1997). Creative productivity: A predictive and explanatory
model of career trajectories and landmarks. Psychological Review-New York,
, 66-89.
Sitinjak & Sugiarto. (2006). Lisrel. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Smith, E.M., Ford, J. K., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1997). Building adaptive
expertise:Implication for training design. Dalam M. A. Quinones, & A.
Dudda (Eds). Training for a rapidly changing workplace: Applications of
psychological research (pp 89-118). Washington DC: APA Books.
Sofyan Yamin & Heri Kurniawan. (2009). Structural equation modeling. Jakarta:
Salemba Infotek.
Sosik, J. J., Avolio, B. J., & Kahai, S. S. (1998). Inspiring group creativity:
Comparing anonymous and identified electronic brainstorming. Small
Group Research, 29, 3–31.
Stephan, Y. (2009). Openness to experience and active older adult’s life
satisfaction: A trait and facet level analysis. Journal of Personality and
Individual Differences, 47, 637-641.
Stone, N. J. (1998). Windows and environmental cues on performance and
mood. Environment and Behavior, 30, 306–321.
Stone, N. J. & Irvine, J. M. (1994). Direct or indirect window access, task
type, and performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14, 57–63.
Sternberg, R. J. (2006). Creating a vision of creativity: The first 25 years.
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1, 2-12.
Sternberg, R.J. & Lubart, T.I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and
paradigms. Dalam R. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tardif, T.Z. & Sternberg, R.J. (1988). Creativity, leadership, and chance. Dalam
R. Sternberg (Ed.), The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological
perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tesluk, P. E., Farr, J. L, & Klein, S. A. (1997). Influences of organizational
culture and climate on individual creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior,
(1), 27-41.
Tjutju Yuniarsih & Suwatno. (2009). Manajemen sumber daya manusia.
Bandung: Alfabeta.
Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M., & Graen, G. B. (1999). An examination of leadership
and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationships.
Journal of Personnel Psychology, 52, 591–620.
Toedjoeh Empat Law Firm. (2009). Kehadiran advokat. Dibuka Mei, 2011, dari
http://toedjoehempat.com/74_pro_law_firm .html
Toplyn, G., & Maguire, W. (1991). The differential effect of noise on creative
taskperformance. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 337-347.
Torrance, E. P. (1998). Torrance tests of creative thinking: Norms-technical
manual. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
Tri Ratna Murti. (2006). Gaya pengambilan keputusan manajerial. Yogyakarta:
Kepel Press.
Tri Ratna Murti. (2003). Beberapa faktor yang berperan terhadap gaya
pengambilan keputusan manajerial pada manajer perempuan. Disertasi
doktoral, tidak diterbitkan. Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
Truxillo, D. M. (2010). Age and work performance: myths and realities. Naskah
tidak diterbitkan. Industrial and Organizational Psychology Program
Portland State University, Oregon.
Wals, A. E. J., & Jickling, B. (2002). Sustainability in higher education.
International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 3, 221-232.
Wijayanto. (2003). Sumber daya manusia, kreativitas, inovasi: Pengetahuan
sebagai sumber keunggulan kompetitif berkesinambungan. Fokus
Ekonomi, 2, 123-135.
Williams, W. M., & Yang, L. (1999). Organizational creativity. Dalam R.
J. Sternberg (Ed), Handbook of human creativity (pp. 373-391). New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, W. J., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of
organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18: 293–321.
Yung, T. T. (2008). The relationship between use of humor by leaders and R & D
employee innovative behavior: evidence from taiwan. Journal of Asia Pacific
Management Review, 13, 635-653.