Implikasi Industri Pariwisata terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Kesempatan Kerja, Pendapatan Perkapita, dan Asli Daerah serta Tingkat Kemiskinan, di Nusa Tenggara Timur
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37721/je.v13i3.72Abstract
This research was motivated by the low tourism industry realization in Nusa Tenggara Timur rather than its potential and local welfare which hadn’t been optimal. The problems under study were: how did factors affecting tourism industry in Nusa Tenggara Timur and how did tourism industry effect on local welfare. The objectives were to obtain empirical evidences and studied the linkages between economic phenomenon about the effect of government aid, infrastructure, educational of tourism industry actors, tourism products, availability of credits, society attitudes on tourists, and satisfaction of tourists on the tourism industry and its implication on the economic growth, employment opportunity, income per capita, local income, and level of poverty, as a study in Nusa Tenggara Timur.The research used explanatory method with cross-sectional approach. The studied population was all districts/municipalities in NTT as much as 21 regions. The research sample was restricted on 15 districts/municipalities which hadn’t experience regional expansion during 5 past years. The analysis technique of hypotheses testing used Path Analysis.The result of this research concluded that the factors studied had significant effect simultaneously on the tourism industry. Partially, government aid had a dominant effect. The tourism industry was more influenced by the direct effect of government aid than by the direct and indirect effect of other factors. Beside that, also be concluded that the tourism industry affected significantly on the economic growth and employment opportunity, but not against income per capita, local income, and level of poverty.Be suggested that government encourages synergism and quality of the studied factors, especially the government aid. Infrastructure which simplified tourist accessibility toward tourism objects need to be developed. Beside tourism product quality and quantity improvement, educational of tourism industry actors need to be tailored to the characteristics of tourism objects and tourists were served. In addition to simplify the bureaucracy of credit need to be simplified and the distribution of credits were monitored the effectiveness. The tourism industry needs to be encouraged on economic growth and in labor intensive. The government were also advised to develop economic growth higher rather than population growth rate, improve the tourism industry as local income resource, and also increased employment opportunity and income distribution for lower income society.References
Abe, M. and M. Kawakami. 1997. A Distributive Comparison of Enterprise Size in Korea and Taiwan. The Developing Economies, 35 (4): 382–400.
Al-Rasyid, Harun, 1994, Teknik Penarikan Sampel dan Penyusunan Skala, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung.
Anonim. BPLP. 1985. Hotel dan Restoran, Balai Pendidikan dan Latihan Pariwisata, Bandung.
Anonim. Dirjen Pariwisata, 1986, Petunjuk Perjalanan Pariwisata Dalam Negeri, Penerbit Dirjen Pariwisata, Jakarta.
Anonim. Deparpostel RI. 1987. Pariwisata Indonesia, Departemen Pariwisata, Pos dan Telekomunikasi, Jakarta.
Anonim. Depbudpar. 2007. Visit Indonesia Year 2008. Penerbit Depbudpar RI, Jakarta
Anonim. http:/www.budpar.net, 2007. Tourism Departement Preparing ‘Visit Indonesia Year’.
Anonim. http:/www.budpar.net, 2008. Statistical Report on Visitor Arrival to Indonesia.
Anonim. Departemen Pariwisata, 2008, World Tourism Barometer, Penerbit Departemen Pariwisata, Seni dan Budaya, Jakarta.
Anonim. Pariwisata Nusantara, Informasi, 2008, Departemen Budaya dan Pariwisata RI, Jakarta.
Anonim. Dinas Pariwisata NTT, 2009, Pariwisata NTT dalam Angka, Penerbit Dispar NTT, Flores.
Anonim. Dirjen Imigrasi RI, 2009, Data Kunjungan Wisatawan Mancanegara ke Indonesia, Penerbit Dirjen Imigrasi RI, Jakarta.
Anonim. Taman Nasional Komodo (TNK). 2009. Data Kunjungan Wisatawan Mancanegara Melalui NTT. Pulau Komodo.
Ashwort, Gregory and Brian Goodall, 1990, Marketing Tourism, London Rodledge.
Awirya, Agni Alam. 2009. Peningkatan Ekonomi Bali melalui Pengembangan Pariwisata. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan. LIPI. Vol. XVII(1).
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). 2006, Statistik 60 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Katalog BPS, 1187, Jakarta.
----------- 2004, Profil Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Tidak Berbadan Hukum, Indonesia, Katalog BPS 1302, Jakarta.
------------ 2009, Indikator Ekonomi Maret 2009, Katalog BPS 9201001, Jakarta.
Bambang, Juanda, Metodologi Penelitian Ekonomi & Bisnis, 2009, IPB Press, Bogor.
Bambang, P.S, Brodjonegoro, dkk, 2009, Sewindu Otonomi Daerah, Perspektif Ekonomi, KPPOD, Jakarta.
Bannock, Graham, R. E. Baxter and Evan Davis. 2004. A Dictionary of Economics. Inggris: Penguin Books Ltd.
Basri, Faisal dan Haris Munandar. 2009. Lanskap Ekonomi Indonesia, Kajian dan Renungan terhadap Masalah-masalah Struktural, Transformasi Baru, dan Prospek Perekonomian Indonesia. Kencana Predana Media Group, Jakarta.
Boo, Elizabeth, 1992, The Ecotourism Boom, Planning for Development WHN, Technical Paper Series.
Bowden, Albert V. and Carlin, Thomas W. 1969. Economics. Alexander Hamilton Institute.
Chang, Ha-Joon (Editor), 2003. Rethinking Development Economics. Wimbledon Publishing Company, London.
Chenery, Hollis, 1979. Structural Change and Development Policy. Oxford University Press.
Chenery, Hollis and T.N. Srinivasan, 1993. Handbook of development Economics. Handbooks in Economics 9. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, Netherland.
Cho, Dong Sung and Moon, Hwy-Chang. 2003. From Adam Smith to Michael Porter, Evolusi Teori Daya Saing, Jakarta : Salemba Empat.
Clark, Alan, 1991, Coastal Development in France in Annal of Tourism Research. A Social Science Journal, New York: Pergaman Pers.
Clawson, M. and Knetsch, J. 1996. Economics of Outdoor Recreation. John Hopkins Press.
Clement, Harry G. 1995. The Future of Tourism in the Pacifiv and Far East: The Checchi Report, Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Commerce.
Cooper, Criss; Jhon Fletcher, David Gilbert, and Stephen Wanhil. 1993, Tourism Principle and Practise, London: Pitman Publishing.
Damanik, Junianton dan Weber, Helmut, F, 2006, Perencanaan Ekowisata, Dari Teori ke Aplikasi, Pusat Studi Pariwisata (Puspar) UGM dan Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta.
Damardjati, R.S, 2006, Istilah-istilah Dunia Pariwisata, PT, Pradnya Pariwisata, Jakarta.
Djaimi. 2006. Analisis Peranan, Perilaku dan Kinerja Usaha Kecil dan Menengah dalam Perekonomian Indonesia. Disertasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Engel, J.F. 1990. Customer Behavior. Sixth Ed. The Dryden Press, Chicago.
Erawan, I Nyoman. 2004. Pariwisata sebagai Penggerak Ekonomi Nasional: Bali sebagai Kasus. Makalah Seminar Konferensi Kepariwisataan, Jakarta.
Fan, Tianhu and Jan Oosterhaven. 2005. The Impact of International Tourism on the Chinese Economy. University of Groningen, Netherlands. Paper for 15th International Input-Output Conference. Beijing.
Fazril, 2004, Pengaruh Komponen Produk Wisata Danau Terhadap Jumlah Kunjungan, Lama Tinggal dan Besarnya Pengeluaran Wisatawan serta Dampaknya Pada Pendapatan Asli Daerah di Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Jurnal Ekonomi Universitas Borobudur, Volume 17 Februari 2005, Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Borobudur, Jakarta.
Flecher, J.E. 1989, Input-Output Analyisis and Tourism Impact Studies, Annals of Tourism Research. A Social Science Journal Vol.16 No.4, New York: Pergaman Pers
Gelgel, I Putu, 2006, Industri Pariwisata Indonesia, Dalam Globalisasi Perdagangan Jasa (GATS – WTO), Implikasi Hukum dan Antisipasinya.
Guilford, J.P., 1956. Fundamental Statistic for Psychology and Education. McGraw-Hill, Tokyo
Gujarati, Damodar, 2003. Basic Econometrics. Third Edition. Mc Graw-Hill, New York.
Halim, Abdul, 2002. Akuntansi Keuangan Daerah. Salemba Empat, Jakarta.
Hall, C. and C. Harvie. 2003. A Comparison of the Performance of SMEs in Korea and Taiwan: Policy Implications for Turbulent Times. A paper for the Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand 16th Annual Conference, Ballarat, 28 September–1 October, 2003.
Hayami, Yujiro, 2001. Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations. Second Edition. Oxford University Press.
Hohnholz, Jurgen H, 1994, Agrotourism – A New Sector of Rural Integreted Development, Malaysia and Germany as Case Studies, in Applied Geography and Development, Tubingen.
Jhingan, M.L. 2000. Ekonomi Pembangunan dan Perencanaan. PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta.
Jung, K.H. 2002. An Upsurge of Entrepreneurship in Korea and its Possible Reasons. Prepered for Expert Workshop on Entrepreneurship in Asia: Creating Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy, held in Hongkong, 8-11 July 2002.
Kaho, Yosef Riwu, 2001, Prospek Otonomi Daerah di Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, Rajawali Press, Jakarta
Kartawan, 1999, Dampak Pengembangan Produk Wisata Pantai dan Peranannya dalam Menyumbang Pendapatan Asli Daerah Sendiri: Studi Kasus di Beberapa Obyek Wisata Pantai di Jawa Barat, Disertasi, Universitas Pajajaran, Bandung.
Kotler, Philip. 1996. Principles of Marketing. Prestice Hall, New York
Kotler, Philip dan Armstrong, Gary. 2004. Dasar-Dasar Pemasaran. Edisi Kesembilan. Jilid 1. Alih Bahasa : Alexander Sindoro. Jakarta : PT. Indeks.
______ . 2008. Prinsip-Prinsip Pemasaran. Edisi 12. Jilid 1. Jakarta : Penerbit Erlangga.
Koutsoyiannis. 1977. Theory of Econometrics: An Introductory Exposition of Econometric Methods. Second Edition. The Macmillan Press Ltd., United Kingdom.
Kuncoro, Mudrajad, 2004, Metode Kuantitatif: Teori dan Aplikasi untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi, Edisi Kedua, UPP AMP YKPN, Yoyakarta.
Kusler, J.A.; Kentula, M.E. 1999. Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science. Vol. 1: Regional Reviews. Island Press, Washington.
Kusmayadi dan Endar Sugiarto, 2000, Metode Penelitian dalam Bidang Kepariwisataan, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Lindberg, K and Hawkins, D.E, 1993, Ecotourism and Resources, Volume I, Selected paper from 1 st Internasional Simposium, Mexico.
Luhur Budianda, SY, 2001, Tesis, Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pengembangan Pariwisata (Studi kasus di Pantai Air Manis Padang), Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
Lundber Donald E, Nink H.Stgavenga, and M, Krisnamoorthy, 1997, Tourism Economic, Alih Bahasa Sojan Yusuf, Gramedia, Jakarta.
Masngudi, 2008, Buku Ajar, Ekonomi Internasional, Program Doktor Ilmu Ekonomi, Universitas Borobudur, Jakarta.
Mathiesson, Alister and Geoffrey, Wall. 1992. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Longman, New York.
Melmusi, Zerni. 2006. Analisis Faktor-Faktor Strategis Peningkatan Daya Saing Industri Kecil dan Kerajinan Rumah Tangga dan Implikasi terhadap Pendapatan Masyarakat dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja (Studi Kasus di Provinsi Sumatera Barat). Disertasi. Jakarta : Program Doktor Ilmu Ekonomi Universitas Borobudur.
Miles, David and Andrew Scott. 2005. Macroeconomics: Understanding the Wealth of Nations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chichester, England.
Mubyarto. Republika (Edisi 15 September 1993). Trickle Down Effect dari Industri Pariwisata.
Muljadi, A.J, 2009 Kepariwisataan dan Perjalanan, Rajawali press, Jakarta.
Parasuraman, A.; Zeithaml, V.; and Berry, L. 1985, A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research. Journal of Marketing. Vol. 49.
Pendit, S, Nyoman, 2006, Ilmu Pariwisata Sebuah Pengantar, Perdana, Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta.
Porter, Michael E. 2008. Competitive Advantage (Keunggulan Bersaing) Menciptakan dan Mempertahankan Kinerja Unggul. Alih Bahasa : Tim Penerbit. Jakarta : Karisma Publishing Group.
PPSK Bank Indonesia – LP3E-UNPAD, 2008, Profil dan Pemetaan Daya Saing Ekonomi Daerah Kabupaten / Kota di Indonesia, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta.
Prawirokusumo, S, 2001, Ekonomi Rakyat, (Konsep, Kebijakan dan Strategi), Edisi Pertama BPFE, Yoyakarta.
Rangkuti, Freddy. 2002. Measuring Customer Satisfaction. Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Riduwan dan Koncoro, E.A, 2007, Cara Menggunakan dan Memaknai Analisis Jalur (Path Analysis), Alfabeta, Bandung.
Sagir, Soeharsono, Bersama Para Sahabat, Kapita Selekta Ekonomi Indonesia, 2009, Kencana Predana Media Group, Jakarta.
Samuelson, Paul A. and Nordhaus, Willam D. 1985. Economics, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Shin, Sangmoo. 2002, Asian Cases of Supply Chain Management for SMEs. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo
Sidik, Priadana, Moh, 2008, Metodologi Penelitian, Bahan Ajar, Program Doktor Ilmu Ekonomi, Pascasarjana, Universitas Borobudur, Jakarta.
Singarimbun, M. dan Sofian Effendi (Editor), 1995. Metode Penelitian Survai. LP3ES, Jakarta.
Sitepu, Nirwana. 1994. Analisis Jalur (Path Analysis). Unit Statistika. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung.
Spillane, James J. 1989, Ekonomi Pariwisata. Penerbit Kanisius, Jakarta.
---------------, 1994, Pariwisata Indonesia: Siasat Ekonomi dan Rekayasa Kebudayaan. Seri Siasat Kebudayaan. Penerbit Kanisius, Jakarta.
Sugiyarto, Guntur; Sinclair, M. Thea; and Blake, Adam. 2003. The Economic Effects and Distributional Implications of Globalisation and Foreign Tourism Boom in the Indonesian Economy: A CGE Assessment. Christel DeHaan Tourism and Travel Research Institute. University of Nottingham, UK.
Sugiyono, 2004, Statistik untuk Penelitian, Alfabeta, Bandung.
________, 2007, Metode Penelitian Bisnis, Cetakan Kesepuluh, Alfabeta, Bandung.
Sunaryo; Ambara, I Made; Anggraeni, Kiki; Susilo, Widarto; Indarto, M. 2010. Analisis Input-Output Perekonomian Indonesia Tahun 2008. Fakultas Ekonomi. Universitas Indonesia.
Suparlan, Parsudi, 1986. Perubahan Sosial Dalam Wilayah, A.W (ed) Manusia Indonesia: Individu, Keluarga, dan Masyarakat, Akademi Pressindo. Jakarta
Suryana, 2004, Ekonomi Pembangunan: Problematika dan Pendekatan, Salemba Empat Patria, Jakarta.
Suyatno, Thomas, dkk, 1992, Dasar-Dasar Perkreditan, STIE Perbanas bekerja sama dengan PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Edisi Tiga, Jakarta.
Tambunan, T. 2002. Peranan UKM bagi Perekonomian Indonesia dan Prospeknya. Jurnal Manajemen Usahawan Indonesia. Lembaga Manajemen FE-IU, Jakarta.
Tjiptono, Fandy. 1997. Total Quality Service. Andy Offset, Yogyakarta.
Tony, Hartono, 2006, Mekanisme Ekonomi Dalam Konteks Ekonomi Indonesia, Rosda, Bandung.
Todaro, M,P, 2004, Pembangunan Ekonomi di Dunia Ketiga, Alih Bahasa Haris Munandar, Peneribit Erlangga, Jakarta.
Tse, L.K. and Wilson, P.C. 1988. Models of Customer Satisfaction Formation: an Extention. Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 25.
Tse, Raymond Y.C. 2001. Estimating the Impact of Economic Factors on Tourism: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of Tourism Economics. 7 (3), 277-293
Undang-undang No.5 Tahun 1974 tentang Pokok Pemerintahan Daerah
Undang-undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1990 tentang Pariwisata.
Undang-undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1995 tentang Usaha Kecil.
Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 dan Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.
Undang-undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1999 dan Undang-undang Nomor 33 tentang Perimbangan Keuangan Pusat dan Daerah.
Undang-undang No.34 Tahun 2000 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-undang No.18 Tahun 1997 tentang Pajak Daerah dan Restribusi Daerah
Undang-undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 tentang Kepariwisataan
Vellas, Francois; dan Becherel, Lionel. 2008. Pemasaran Pariwisata Internasional. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta
Vipriyanti, Nyoman Utari dan Anwar, Affendi. 2010. Dampak Pengembangan Agrowisata terhadap Ekonomi Wilayah dan Kelembagaan Masyarakat di Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan. LIPI
Wahab, Salah, 2003, Manajemen Pariwisata, Alih Bahasa Drs. Frans Gromang, Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta.
Whitt, Stephen, Michael Z, Brooke Peter, and J. Brukley, 1991, The Management of International Tourism, London, Unwyn Hayman Ltd.
Wilkie, W.L. 1990. Consumer Behavior. Ed. 2. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
Wirasasmita, Yuyun, 2008, Makro Ekonomi, Buku Ajar, Program Doktor Ilmu Ekonomi, Universitas Borobudur, Jakarta
_________. 2008. Uji Kelayakan Model. Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung.
Yoeti Oka A, 1993, Pengantar Ilmu Pariwisata, Penerbit Angkasa, Bandung.
---------------, 1996, Anatomi Pariwisata, Penerbit Angkasa, Bandung.
---------------, 2006, Pariwisata Budaya, Masalah dan Solusinya, PT.Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta.
---------------, 2008, Ekonomi Pariwisata: Introduksi, Informasi dan Implementasi, Kompas Penerbit Buku, Jakarta.
Yotopoulos, Pan A. and Jeffrey B. Nugent, 1976. Economics of Development: Empirical Investigation. Harper & Row, New York.
